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Job Safety
Analysis
Job Safety Analysis (JSA) is a
foundation tool for developing a new operating procedure or evaluating an
existing procedure. It is a tool for
analyzing the potential or existing steps of a procedure, the existing or
potential hazards (both behaviors and conditions), and the contingencies or
countermeasures to eliminate or control the identified hazards. Once this analysis is completed, the a
complete operating procedure is developed that includes the safety steps. The goal is to have only one document
(operating procedure) to direct how a particular task is completed. The JSA feeds into this single operating
procedure and does not replace this operating procedure.
The JSA process includes the
identification of all the procedural steps, then the identification of the
hazards, and finally the identification of the contingencies. The process is done with a team that
includes, at a minimum, a person who knows and understands the work being analyzed;
a person who doesnt know the work being analyzed; and someone who knows and
understands the JSA technique.
An example of a JSA worksheet is
listed below.
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Procedure Step |
Hazards |
Contingencies/Control Measures |
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To use this
worksheet, complete the following steps:
- Observe the task or work being
done.
- Break down the task or work into steps. The procedure steps should be clear and
understandable with enough detail so that the team can identify the hazards
and contingencies/control measures.
- For each step, list the hazards
in that step. The hazards should
include both behaviors and conditions; and both existing and potential
hazards. Use the following list as
a memory aid. These are example of
hazards and types of accidents that can happen.
- acceleration (going too slow or
too fast);
- toxic;
- radiation;
- ergonomic hazards (high
frequency, high duration, high force, posture, point of operation,
mechanical pressure, vibration, environmental exposure);
- pressure (hydraulic or
pneumatic);
- mechanical;
- flammability/fire;
- biological;
- workplace violence;
- explosives;
- electrical;
- chemical reactions;
- struck-by;
- struck-against;
- contact-by;
- contact-with;
- caught-in;
- caught-by;
- caught-between;
- fall-to-surface;
- fall-below;
- over exertion;
- bodily reaction;
- over exposure.
- List the contingencies and
control measures for each identified hazard. The contingencies or recommendations
should be developed in sequence, be specific, and should be reviewed by a
person knowledgeable about Company and Governmental requirements. Contingencies are alternate ways of
doing the task step that avoid the hazard.
Control measures are additional things done to compensate for the
hazard. Control measure solutions
should follow the Hierarchy of Control by implementing, in order:
- Engineering Controls. These include substitution of chemicals
or equipment, isolation of the hazard, ventilation, and equipment
modification. Engineering Controls
focus on eliminating the hazard all together and focus on the source of
the hazard.
- Administrative Controls. These include reducing a person's
exposure to a hazard by limiting time exposed, changing work procedures,
or improving cleanliness practices.
Administrative Controls are heavily dependent upon the employee's
compliance.
- Personal Protective Equipment. These include requiring protective
equipment when Engineering and Administrative Controls cannot sufficiently
reduce the exposure to a hazard.
Personal Protective Equipment is almost always used in combination
with one, or both, of the other types of controls.
Once the worksheet is completed, an
operating procedure is developed using the appropriate steps from the JSA. Since JSA process also identifies steps
needed (usually identified as a contingency), or steps that can be eliminated
(also usually identified as a contingency), not every identified step will
necessarily go into the final operating procedure.
Please see the next page for a
printable JSA worksheet.